One of the crucial elements of philosophising at the beginning of the twentieth century is the problem of grounding of philosophy. Representatives of neo-Kantianism fit in with this trend. They try to describe the grounding of philosophy by referring to the philosophy of Kant. That, however, raises a number of difficulties of interpretation that result from the appearing possibilities of interpretation. The article is an attempt to show the efforts of Hermann Cohen, who emphasized the importance of transcendental deduction and (...) transcendental apperception in Kant’s system. In accordance with the thesis of Fichte, Cohen searches for a basis that would allow building a system of knowledge and finds it is the concept of hypothesis. (shrink)

In the first part of his magnum opus Hans Urs von Balthasarpresents his project of theological aesthetics where the experience of art becomes an entrance to a religious act and an ennobling way leading to the contemplation of God. Defining the essence of being human as a spiritual being directed towards God bears a deep ethical meaning in this consideration. H.U. von Balthasar’s reflection over the religious dimension of the essence of art is shaped within theology but at the same (...) time in the opposition to aesthetic theology which is de-scribed as ‘aesthetisation’ of the Mystery of Revelation. The art of music occupies a particular place in this reflection. For this reason Mass in B Minor BWV 232 by Johann Sebastian Bach, which is an emblematic example of the revelation of the glory of the Lord (Herrlichkeit), will be analysed not only from the perspective of philosophical or musicological aesthetics, but also theological aesthetics. This article outlines characteristic features of theological aesthetics specifically developed from traditional philosophical aesthetics whose range was extended by the human being’s relation to God. (shrink)

The main aim of the present paper is to explain a nature of relationships exist between Nelson and Heyting algebras. In the realization, a topological duality theory of Heyting and Nelson algebras based on the topological duality theory of Priestley for bounded distributive lattices are applied. The general method of construction of spaces dual to Nelson algebras from a given dual space to Heyting algebra is described. The algebraic counterpart of this construction being a generalization of the Fidel-Vakarelov construction is (...) also given. These results are applied to compare the equational category N of Nelson algebras and some its subcategories with the equational category H of Heyting algebras. It is proved that the category N is topological over the category H. (shrink)

Author: Kowalski Andrzej P. Title: CULTURAL ARCHAEOLOGY AND PREHISTORY OF THE CONTINENT OF ART (Kulturoznawcza archeologia i prehistoria Kontynentu sztuki) Source: Filo-Sofija year: 2011, vol:.12, number: 2011/1, pages: 291-310 Keywords: JERZY KMITA, CULTURAL ARCHAEOLOGY, THE CONTINENT OF ART, SHAMANISTIC ORIGINS OF ART Discipline: PHILOSOPHY Language: POLISH Document type: ARTICLE Publication order reference (Primary author’s office address): E-mail: www:The paper presents an attempt at application of Jerzy Kmita’s achievements in philosophy of art, aesthetics, axiology, and history of culture to the (...) research on genesis of art. The problem of cultural genealogy of art shall be addressed in following contexts: 1. The context of the so-called ‘end of art in postmodern culture’ which manifests itself in the thesis concerning elimination of “grand narrations”, myths, and ideologies. According to J. Kmita, the art takes recourse to idea-meanings which are not ascribed to a handicraft. The meanings of superior axiological level express themselves in the art only. 2. The context of Bild-Anthropologie developed by H. Belting. Works of art are regarded here as images, especially—images of a cultural type. The accent lies here on genealogy of iconoclasm and theological discourse which uses Greek philosophical terminology. Ontology of “image as a presence” is analyzed with regard to magical realism and symbolism. Primordial and prehistoric images do not operate with signs of objects but instead they constitute objects themselves. 3. The context of structural anthropology where the art is interpreted within the horizon of mytho-logics and metaphoric-metonymical transformations. Kmita’s adjustment shows that metaphorical and metonymical meanings are indistinguishable. The art—which was ascribed a classificatory meaning—provided also socio-morphic categories. Totemic signs were more appreciated than totems themselves. It shows that the art transcends the reality which itself becomes a subject of the image. 4. The context of shamanistic origins of art. This conception universalizes results of neuropsychological research. Trance-practices are considered here as the origin of cave painting which presents a scheme of shamanistic visions. However, in folk cultures not all imaginary objects originate from trance-experience and the acceptance of their reality does not presuppose sensory deprivations (which is one of ethnological arguments showing limits of such interpretation). (shrink)

Hybrid logics are extensions of standard modal logics, which significantly increase the expressive power of the latter. Since most of hybrid logics are known to be decidable, decision procedures for them is a widely investigated field of research. So far, several tableau calculi for hybrid logics have been presented in the literature. In this paper we introduce a sound, complete and terminating tableau calculus T H(@,E,D, ♦ −) for hybrid logics with the satisfaction operators, the universal modality, the difference modality (...) and the inverse modality as well as the corresponding sequent calculus S H(@,E,D, ♦ −) . They not only uniformly cover relatively wide range of various hybrid logics but they are also conceptually simple and enable effective search for a minimal model for a satisfiable formula. The main novelty is the exploitation of the unrestricted blocking mechanism introduced as an explicit, sound tableau rule. (shrink)

W artykule zrekonstruowano i przeanalizowano wczesną fazę sporów o nihilizm. Podstawowym zagadnieniem jest w nim więź między rozwojem nihilizmu a wieloma odmianami niemieckiego idealizmu na przełomie XVIII i XIX wieku. Pierwszą część poświęcono badaniom nad pochodzeniem pojęcia nihilizmu. Część druga dotyczy recepcji filozofii Immanuela Kanta i zwróconych przeciwko niej zarzutów nihilizmu. W trzeciej części autor podejmuje zagadnienie sporu o panteizm. Głównym inspiratorem toczących się wówczas dysput filozoficznych był przede wszystkim F. H. Jacobi. Wszelkim odmianom idealizmu i racjonalizmu usiłował on przeciwstawić (...) własną filozofię wiary. W historyczno-filozoficznych dociekaniach podjęto zagadnienie recepcji filozofii B. Spinozy w tradycji niemieckiego oświecenia. Panteizm Spinozy był ważnym źródłem sporów o ateizm i nihilizm. (shrink)

Artykuł przedstawia zarys rozwoju filozofii życia XIX i XX wieku. Podstawowe zagadnienie to status racjonalności jako wzorca myślenia filozoficznego w świetle argumentów trzech reprezentantów współczesnej filozofii życia: F. Nietzschego, W. Diltheya i H. Bergsona. Każdy z nich jest twórcą oryginalnej odmiany filozofii życia i konstruktywnej krytykiem wzorców naukowej racjonalności.

RESUMENPodemos encontrar en los escritos tardíos de Fichte un giro importante desde una perspectiva individualista del Yo hacia una perspectiva comunitaria del Nosotros. Él intentó en sus Discursos a la nación alemana explicitar una relación espiritual que trabaja contra la atomatización de una sociedad dada. Elaboró para ello un interesante concepto de nación cultural. El factor constitutivo de una nación como tal es el lenguaje, y con ello: el camino del pensamiento y la experiencia de la realidad. Fue un paso (...) adelante, no sólo hacia la famosa afirmación hegeliana acerca del progreso histórico a través de las grandes naciones, sino también hacia un giro hermenéutico en la filosofía europea. La filosofía social del Fichte tardío es una interesante mezcla de racionalismo trascendental y conciencia histórica moderna. Llevó su pensamiento a las puertas de lo que el filósofo alemán contemporáneo H. Schnadelbach ha denominado como una segunda ilustración histórico-hermenéutica.PALABRAS CLAVESLENGUAJE, CULTURA, NACIÓN, HISTORIA HERMENÉUTICA, COMUNIDAD, ATOMIZACIÓNABSTRACTWe can find in the late writings of Fichte an important turn from an individualisticperspective of I to the community perspective of We. He tried in his Reden an die deutsche Nation to explicate a spiritual relationship that works against the atomization of a given society. He elaborated thus an interesting concept of cultural nation. The constitutive factor of such a nation is language, and with it: the ways of thinking and of experiencing the reality. It was a step ahead not only towards the famous Hegel’s claim about the historical progress through the great, leading nations, but also towards a hermeneutical turn in the European philosophy. Fichte’s late social philosophy is an interesting mixture of transcendental rationalism and modern historical consciousness. He situated his thought on the threshold to something the German contemporary philosopher H. Schnadelbach called a second, historicalhermeneutical Enlightenment.KEY WORDSLANGUAGE, CULTURE, NATION, HISTORY, HERMENEUTICS, COMMUNITY, ATOMIZATION. (shrink)

Podemos encontrar en los escritos tardíos de Fichte un giro importante desde una perspectiva individualista del Yo hacia una perspectiva comunitaria del Nosotros. Él intentó en sus Discursos a la nación alemana explicitar una relación espiritual que trabaja contra la atomatización de una sociedad dada. Elaboró para ello un interesante concepto de nación cultural. El factor constitutivo de una nación como tal es el lenguaje, y con ello: el camino del pensamiento y la experiencia de la realidad. Fue un paso (...) adelante, no sólo hacia la famosa afirmación hegeliana acerca del progreso histórico a través de las grandes naciones, sino también hacia un giro hermenéutico en la filosofía europea. La filosofía social del Fichte tardío es una interesante mezcla de racionalismo trascendental y conciencia histórica moderna. Llevó su pensamiento a las puertas de lo que el filósofo alemán contemporáneo H. Schnadelbach ha denominado como una segunda ilustración histórico-hermenéutica. (shrink)

A. Klimczuk, Cultural Diversity, Multiculturalism, and the Challenge of the Ageing Population, [in:] H. Qarasov, Materials of International Scientific Conference "Multiculturalism and Human Rights" Dedicated to the Anniversary of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, NURLAR, Baku 2017, pp. 150-152.

Andrzej Mostowski, whose previous book on Gödel's incompleteness theorem is widely acclaimed as a modern classic on the subject, now gives us a series of sixteen beautifully clear lectures on the development of logic and foundations of mathematics during the past thirty years. A very wide range of subjects is treated in this book, from the intuitionistic logic and the Gödel work on the incompleteness of arithmetic to the set-theoretical results of Cohen and the algebraic theory of direct and (...) reduced products. The notable thing about all this is that the book is everywhere readable by the non-expert. Anyone who has had an elementary course in mathematical logic and set theory can read this book with a great deal of profit. Moreover, the exposition sparkles with Mostowski's remarks, conjectures and speculations on the philosophy of mathematics and the future of foundational studies. There are very few rigorously proved theorems in the book—as this was not its purpose—but a bibliography of 244 pertinent items is furnished at the end of the book for those who would like to pursue the material to greater depth.—H. P. K. (shrink)

H G WellsHerbert George Wells, an English writer, was born on 21st 1866 and died on 13 Aug 1946. He was renowned for his works of science fiction especially 'The Time Machine'. He is also referred as 'The Father of Science Fiction'.

Byzantine Empire; economic and social conditions; history.

Resumen El objetivo del presente artículo es analizar en la historia del español dos tipos de fórmulas de saludo, entendidas como unidades discursivas propias del acto de habla expresivo que sirven para abrir el canal comunicativo de las relaciones sociales. A través de la búsqueda sistemática en textos del CORDE de hasta finales del siglo XIX, intentaremos hallar (i) los factores sociopragmáticos que desempeñan el papel más importante en cada tipo de saludo, (ii) el origen paradigmático de cada fórmula, (iii) (...) su distribución sociocultural y las preferencias discursivas e informativas, y (iv) su nivel de predominio en determinadas épocas. (shrink)

The Author is of the opinion that cultural impact of modern theoretical physics is entirely negative. This is so because modern theoretical physics does not have a consistent view of the world. This is to be compared with the blessing of having a consistent and understandable view of the world, as given, for example, by the mediaeval astronomy and theology.

Realizing that a world remade by techno-science and global capital stands in great need of practical wisdom as an antidote to various forms of modern hubris, scholars across the human sciences have taken a renewed interest in exploring how the classical virtue of prudence can be reformulated as a guide for postmodern practice. This volume brings together scholars in classics, political philosophy, and rhetoric to analyze prudence as a distinctive and vital form of political intelligence. Through case studies from each (...) of the major periods in the history of prudence, the authors identify neglected resources for political judgment in today's conditions of pluralism and interdependency. Three assumptions inform these essays: the many dimensions of prudence cannot be adequately represented in the lexicon of any single discipline; the Aristotelian focus on prudence as rational calculation needs to be balanced by the Ciceronian emphasis on prudence as discursive performance embedded in familiar social practices; and understanding prudence requires attention to how it operates through the communicative media and public discourses that constitute the political community. Contributors, besides the editor, are Stephen H. Browne, Robert W. Cape Jr., Maurice Charland, Peter J. Diamond, Eugene Garver, James Jasinski, John S. Nelson, and Christine L. Oravec. (shrink)

Exploring the darkest side of organizations may have a potential to change our previous assumptions about business life. Scholars both in management and organizational research fields have shown interest in the "bright" side of behavioral life and have looked for the ways to create a positive organizational climate and assumed a positive relation between happiness of employees and productivity. These main assumptions of the Human Relations School have dominated the scientific inquiry on organizational behavior. However, "the dark side of organizational (...) life" may have more explanatory power than "the bright side". Hostility, jealousy, envy, rivalry, gossip, problematic personalities, dislike, revenge, and social exclusion are the realities of business life. A manager may devote most of their time to cope with conflicts, deviant behaviors, ambitious individuals, gossips, and dysfunctional rivalry among employees. It is evident that negative events and interactions among employees cost more time and energy for a manager than the positive side of organizational life. This edited collection specifically focuses on these issues and will be of interest to researchers, academics, and advanced students in the fields of management, organizational studies and behavior, sociology, social psychology, and human resource management. (shrink)

Musik stellt heute soziale Beziehungen her, die kein Eigentum mehr verlangen. Aber sie kann trotzdem nicht systemunabhängig agieren, ohne selbst Teil einer kapitalen Verwertungslogik zu sein. Dieser unauflösbare Konflikt ist die Basslinie für einen Mix, den Andrzej Steinbach und Achim Szepanski in Ultrablack of Music: Feindliche Übernahme vorlegen. Steinbach montiert drei unterschiedliche Texte: Eine TV-Talkshow als Kammerspiel, eine Namensliste aller RAF-Mitglieder in Form einer Partitur und einen Computercode einer zerhackten McKinsey Werbung. 1971 hatte der WDR die Sendung "Ende offen: (...) Pop und Co - die andere Musik zwischen Protest und Kommerz!" ausgestrahlt, bei der Nikel Pallat, Mitglied der Band Ton Steine Scherben, eine Axt unter seiner Jacke hervorholte und mehrmals mit voller Kraft auf den Tisch einschlug. Er ging dabei nicht kaputt, aber die Geste war unmissverständlich. (shrink)